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2025-06-11

The Python type system builds on the gradual typing literature. We've been chatting with the authors of the Elixir gradual typing work [Castagna2023] to compare notes about modeling and implementing language features in the type system.

[Castagna2023] The design principles of the Elixir type system

As part of those discussions, Castagna pointed us [Castagna2022], which he claims is the best overview of the theory behind gradual typing, and set-theoretic typing, in particular:

[Castagna2022] “Programming with Union, Intersection, and Negation Types”

» Theory » Gradual types